Handheld electronic book reader with annotation and usage tracking capabilities

ABSTRACT

A handheld electronic book reader, program product, and method incorporate enhanced annotation and/or usage tracking capabilities. Support is provided for user creation of “contexts” for defined terms in an electronic document. Moreover, annotation data such as contexts, comments and highlighting may be associated with various users, and displayed in connection with the display of an electronic document so as to indicate that different annotation data has been originated by different users. In addition, from the standpoint of usage tracking, usage statistics for an electronic document displayed in a handheld electronic reader may be generated on a page-by-page basis, and/or in association with term definitions. Moreover, usage statistics for multiple users may be combined and analyzed. Through such analysis, the usage statistics may be used in the conduct of various beneficial actions such as revising an electronic document, revising a lesson plan with which an electronic document is associated, determining whether a user has read a selected portion of an electronic document, or determining whether a user needs supplemental assistance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.09/951,363 filed on Sep. 13, 2001 by Eric Lawrence Barsness et al.,which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is generally related to computers and computer software,and in particular to handheld electronic book readers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Computer technology has had an important impact on the dissemination ofknowledge, e.g., for entertainment, education and informationalpurposes. For example, classrooms increasingly are outfitted withcomputers and Internet connections to facilitate the learning processfor students of all ages. Moreover, computer-assisted learningtechniques have been developed to facilitate student comprehension ofeducational subject matter.

In addition, computer technology advances, in particular related toreducing the size and increasing the complexity of electronics, havepermitted computers to be packaged into smaller and more powerfuldevices. Due to such advances, many handheld devices such as PersonalDigital Assistants (PDA's) and the like now have memory capacities andperformance comparable to the full size computers of only a few yearsago. Among other uses, PDA's and the like can be used by students tostore notes, documents, reference materials, class schedules, etc.

Another type of handheld device that has been developed is a dedicatedhandheld electronic book reader, which attempts to mimic the experienceof reading a paper book through the display of electronic information onone or more electronic displays. Electronic documents, often referred toas electronic books, are stored in the readers and displayed one or twopages at a time. Then through selection of next and previous pagebuttons, a user is able to flip forward and backward through a book inmuch the same manner as with a paper book.

Some electronic book readers also support additional value-addedfeatures, such as permitting a user to underline or highlight text,scribble handwritten notes in the margins and look up definitions ofparticular words or terms in a dictionary. In addition, some readers areable to calculate reading pace and elapsed time, and provide informationsuch as the time remaining to complete a book based upon the calculatedreading pace of a user.

To date, however, handheld electronic book readers and other handhelddevices have been mostly utilized for general entertainment orinformational purposes, as the devices have not yet achieved a level ofpervasiveness suitable for utilization in a classroom or educationalcontext. However, one can envision a day when all students might carryhandheld devices upon which are stored their textbooks and othereducational materials, particularly given the likely advances in memorycapacities and processing performance of handheld devices.

The promise of using handheld devices such as electronic book readers ineducational environments, however, demands a rethinking of many basiceducational processes. In other areas, computer technology has enabledincreased collaboration and information sharing between students, aswell as between an instructor and students. However, to date, handhelddevices have been predominantly used as stand-alone devices, and havetypically been connected to other computers and devices only when it isdesired to download new content. Given, however, the additionalcapabilities of handheld devices, such as the ability to annotate anelectronic book via highlighting and note taking, it is believed that aunique opportunity is presented for increased collaboration between theusers of handheld devices. Moreover, it is believed that the ability tomonitor the usage of a handheld device may present an instructor withthe opportunity to obtain valuable feedback regarding students and theirusage of particular electronic books.

Therefore, a significant need has developed for improved collaborationand information sharing tools for use in connection with handhelddevices, and in particular, handheld electronic book readers and thelike used in educational or classroom environments.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention addresses these and other problems associated with theprior art by providing a handheld electronic book reader, programproduct, and method incorporating enhanced annotation and/or usagetracking capabilities. While other applications are envisioned, from thestandpoint of an educational and/or classroom-type setting, theannotation and usage tracking capabilities described hereinafter providesignificant benefits in terms of improving the educational process forboth students and instructors alike.

Consistent with one aspect of the invention, annotation of an electronicdocument via a handheld electronic book reader is enhanced throughassociating a user-selected portion of an electronic document with aparticular defined term in that document to create a “context” for thatdefined term. As such, a user is able to select contextual examples ofthe usage of a particular defined term, and store such examples forlater retrieval.

Consistent with another aspect of the invention, collaborativeannotation functionality is provided, whereby annotation data such ascontexts, comments and highlighting for a particular electronic documentis associated with various users and displayed in connection with thedisplay of such a document so as to indicate that different annotationdata has been originated by different users. Consequently, multipleusers are able to collaborate in the annotation of a common electronicdocument.

Consistent with yet another aspect of the invention, page-based usagestatistics may be generated for an electronic document viewed in ahandheld electronic book reader. Furthermore, usage statistics may begenerated in association with particular term definitions stored in ahandheld electronic book reader. Through usage tracking of theseparticular items, and at this particular level of granularity, morecomprehensive and valuable usage statistics may be obtained.

Consistent with an additional aspect of the invention, collaborativeusage tracking is provided, whereby usage statistics for multiple usersinteracting with a particular electronic document on multiple handheldelectronic book readers are generated and received into an analysiscomputer. Moreover, consistent with another aspect of the invention,usage statistics from one or more users may be utilized in performingone or more of revising an electronic document, revising a lesson planwith which an electronic document is associated, determining whether auser has read a selected portion of an electronic document, anddetermining whether a user needs supplemental assistance.

These and other advantages and features, which characterize theinvention, are set forth in the claims annexed hereto and forming afurther part hereof. However, for a better understanding of theinvention, and of the advantages and objectives attained through itsuse, reference should be made to the Drawings, and to the accompanyingdescriptive matter, in which there is described exemplary embodiments ofthe invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a handheld electronic book readerincorporating annotation and usage tracking capabilities consistent withthe invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary hardware and softwareimplementation of an electronic content collaboration systemincorporating the handheld electronic book reader of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates annotation data and statistic data structuresutilized in the handheld electronic book reader of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates the program flow of a main routine executed by thehandheld electronic book reader of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 illustrates the program flow of the create annotation fileroutine referenced in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 illustrates the program flow of the capture thread routinereferenced in FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary process for utilizing usage statisticsin connection with electronic content in a manner consistent with theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments described hereinafter focus on improving thefunctionality and utility of electronic documents, in particular toenhancing the collaborative and annotative capabilities of electronicbook readers and like handheld devices, as well as utilizing usagetracking concepts to provide useful feedback on reader usage ofelectronic documents, e.g., to improve such documents or lesson plansassociated with such documents, to monitor student activity, to identifystudents needing supplemental assistance, etc.

An electronic document may be considered to incorporate practically anycontent provided in electronic form, be it educational, historical,informational, fictional, non-fictional, technical,entertainment-related, etc. Moreover, an electronic document need notconstitute an entire literary work such as a textbook or novel, but mayconstitute only a portion of a particular literary work or book, as wellas a collection of works or books. An electronic document may bespecifically formatted for use in connection with a particular hardwareplatform, or may be platform independent. Thus, the invention is notlimited to any particular electronic document implementation discussedherein.

Turning now to the Drawings, wherein like numbers denote like partsthroughout the several views, FIG. 1 illustrates a handheld electronicbook reader 10 consistent with the invention. Reader 10 may beimplemented using a dedicated reader that is only suitable for use indisplaying electronic books or documents, or may be implemented usingother handheld electronic devices that are capable of displaying textand/or images from an electronic document, e.g., personal digitalassistants (PDA's), pagers, tablet computers, etc. Generally, a reader10 includes a housing 12 within which is mounted a touchscreen display14 and one or more hard buttons, e.g., a power button 15, a menu button16, and page forward and page back buttons 17, 18. Color or black andwhite displays may be used for display 14, and all, part or none of thedisplay may be configured as a touch screen. Moreover, differentcombinations of buttons may also be provided in the alternative. Thus,the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely exemplary in nature.

FIG. 1 also illustrates an exemplary electronic book 20 displayed ondisplay 14. In connection with the display of an electronic book (orother electronic document), additional user controls, inputs anduser-added display elements may also be displayed. For example, portionsof the electronic book, including text and/or images, can behighlighted, e.g., as represented by underlined portion 22. Likewise,user-created comments may be displayed, e.g., as represented by comment24. Furthermore, words or terms that are capable of being selected forthe purpose of viewing a definition may be highlighted, e.g., as shownat 26. Moreover, as will become more apparent below, user-createdcontexts, or contextual references to be associated with a particularterm definitions, may also be highlighted, e.g., as shown at 28.

It will be appreciated that a wide variety of highlighting mechanismsmay be used to highlight portions of an electronic book, including theuse of underlining, unique font faces, font sizes, font attributes,italics, bolding, capitalization, colors, patterns, grayscales, icons,outlines, etc. Moreover, different formats for user-created comments,e.g., bitmapped images, vector graphics, text strings, etc., may beused.

Turning now to FIG. 2, an exemplary hardware and software environmentfor an electronic content collaboration system is illustrated.Specifically, an apparatus 30 suitable for implementing the electronicbook functionality described herein is illustrated in the figure. Forcertain aspects of the invention, which will become more apparent below,apparatus 30 may represent practically any type of computer, computersystem or other programmable electronic device, including a handheldelectronic book reader, as well as a client computer, a server computer,a portable computer, a handheld computer, an embedded controller, etc.Moreover, in some implementations apparatus 30 may be implemented usingone or more networked computers, e.g., in a cluster or other distributedcomputing system. However, for the purposes of the specific embodimentsdiscussed hereinafter, apparatus 30 will be considered to be implementedas a dedicated handheld electronic book reader, e.g., similar to reader10 described above in connection with FIG. 1.

Reader 30 typically includes at least one processor 31 coupled to amemory 32. Processor 31 may represent one or more processors (e.g.,microprocessors), and memory 32 may represent the random access memory(RAM) devices comprising the main storage of reader 30, as well as anysupplemental levels of memory, e.g., cache memories, non-volatile orbackup memories (e.g., programmable or flash memories), read-onlymemories, etc. In addition, memory 32 may be considered to includememory storage physically located elsewhere in reader 30, e.g., anycache memory in a processor 31, as well as any storage capacity used asa virtual memory, e.g., as stored on any mass storage device or onanother computer coupled to reader 30 via an external interface 36.

Reader 30 also typically receives a number of inputs and outputs forcommunicating information externally. For interface with a user oroperator, reader 30 typically includes one or more user hard buttons 33and a touch screen 34, which receives input as well as displaysinformation to a user. User input may also be received via anothercomputer interfaced with reader 30 over external interface 36.

For additional storage, reader 30 may also include one or more massstorage devices, e.g., a floppy or other removable disk drive, a harddisk drive, a direct access storage device (DASD), an optical drive(e.g., a CD drive, a DVD drive, etc.), and/or a tape drive, amongothers, as well as external memory such as flash memory, memorycartridges or cards, and the like. Furthermore, computer 36 may includean external interface, e.g., serial or parallel interconnects, USBinterconnects, IEEE-1394 interconnects, telephone interconnects,Ethernet interconnects, wireless interconnects, etc., to permit thecommunication of information with other computers coupled to the reader.It should also be appreciated that reader 30 typically includes suitableanalog and/or digital interfaces between processor 31 and each ofcomponents 32, 33, 34, and 36 as is well known in the art.

Reader 30 operates under the control of an operating system 38, andexecutes or otherwise relies upon various computer softwareapplications, components, programs, objects, modules, data structures,etc. (e.g., content 40, annotation data 42 and statistics 44, amongothers). Moreover, various applications, components, programs, objects,modules, etc. may also execute on one or more processors in anothercomputer coupled to reader 30 via a external interface 36. In general,the routines executed to implement the embodiments of the invention,whether implemented as part of an operating system or a specificapplication, component, program, object, module or sequence ofinstructions, or even a subset thereof, will be referred to herein as“computer program code,” or simply “program code.” Program codetypically comprises one or more instructions that are resident atvarious times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, andthat, when read and executed by one or more processors in a computer,cause that computer to perform the steps necessary to execute steps orelements embodying the various aspects of the invention. Moreover, whilethe invention has and hereinafter will be described in the context offully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in theart will appreciate that the various embodiments of the invention arecapable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms,and that the invention applies equally regardless of the particular typeof signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution.Examples of signal bearing media include but are not limited torecordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices,floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, magnetic tape,optical disks (e.g., CD-ROM's, DVD's, etc.), among others, andtransmission type media such as digital and analog communication links.

In addition, various program code described hereinafter may beidentified based upon the application within which it is implemented ina specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should beappreciated that any particular program nomenclature that follows isused merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not belimited to use solely in any specific application identified and/orimplied by such nomenclature. Furthermore, given the typically endlessnumber of manners in which computer programs may be organized intoroutines, procedures, methods, modules, objects, and the like, as wellas the various manners in which program functionality may be allocatedamong various software layers that are resident within a typicalcomputer (e.g., operating systems, libraries, API's, applications,applets, etc.), it should be appreciated that the invention is notlimited to the specific organization and allocation of programfunctionality described herein.

To perform many of the hereinafter-described collaborative functions,reader 30 is typically capable of being interfaced with a number ofexternal devices via interface 36. For example, to receive electronicbooks and other electronic content, as well as additional annotationdata and the like, reader 36 maybe coupled to a content server 50, e.g.,via a private and/or public network. Moreover, reader 30 may interfacewith other electronic book readers, either directly (e.g., as for reader52), or via intermediate electronics (e.g., as for reader 54).

Moreover, as will be discussed in greater detail below, additionalcomputers, e.g., analysis computer 56 coupled to content server 50, mayalso be utilized in performing a number of the collaborative functionsdescribed herein. It should further be appreciated that thefunctionality allocated to any of components 50-56 may be combined intocommon hardware, or partitioned among additional hardware devices.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environmentsillustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 are not intended to limit the presentinvention. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize that otheralternative hardware and/or software environments may be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

The aforementioned environments may be utilized to implement a number ofcollaborative tools to enhance the utility of a handheld electronic bookreader consistent with the invention. For example, annotationcapabilities may be enhanced for an electronic book reader by permittinguser-created contents to be associated with term definitions stored inan electronic dictionary. In this instance, a context refers to apassage from an electronic book or other electronic document that showshow a particular term is used in practice. A context may thereforeinclude text surrounding a particular usage of a term, such that thecontext provides a user with an example of how a particular term isused. A created context may be associated with a particular electronicdocument, or in the alternative, may be associated with a particularuser or system dictionary which may be maintained separately from anelectronic document. As will become more apparent below, a context istypically created by selecting a portion of a displayed electronicdocument, and then directing a handheld device to store the selectedportion as a context. In addition, view capability is also supportedwhereby one or more stored contexts, either user or system created, aredisplayed either collectively or selectively in connection with aparticular term definition.

In addition, a context may be stored as a component of an annotationfile, which functions much like a “Cliff Notes” for an electronicdocument. Additional annotation data, such as highlighting data and/orcomment data, may also be incorporated into an annotation file alongwith one or more contexts.

An annotation file may be separately or jointly exportable along with anelectronic document, such that the annotation data stored therein may beavailable for import into the same or a different reader. By providingthe capability to export annotation data in the manner described herein,multiple users may be permitted to share the annotation data.Furthermore, it may be desirable in some implementations to associatespecific annotation data with specific users, and allow a user to selectamong the annotation data generated by different users, or to displayannotation data associated with multiple users at the same time, withsome form of visual indication utilized to distinguish between theannotation data associated with different users. Alternate displayrepresentations may be utilized to distinguish the annotation data forparticular users, including, for example, different colors, pattern,icons, font attributes, underlining, italics, etc.

The hereinafter described embodiments also enhance the collaborativecapabilities of a handheld device by supporting usage tracking tomonitor the usage of a handheld electronic book reader by a user.Through such usage tracking, page-based statistics may be generated,with such statistics associated with particular pages in an electronicdocument. Information such as the time during which a user views a page,the number of times a user reviews a page (i.e., views the pagesubsequent to a first time the user views the page), the total timespent reviewing a page, and/or the number of times a user powers off adevice or closes a book while viewing a page, may be monitored.

Moreover, additional usage statistics such as definition-based usagestatistics associated with term definitions may also be generated. Insuch instances, the number of times and amount of time spent viewingdefinitions of particular terms may be monitored. Moreover, whencontexts are supported, the amount of time and number of contexts beingviewed by a user may also be monitored in the manner described herein.

By tracking the aforementioned usage statistics, a number of usefulapplications can be envisioned. For example, usage statistics associatedwith multiple users may be tracked and collected by an analysis computerto compile the results. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skillin the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure, an analysiscomputer may perform nothing more than collecting the statistics fromone or more handheld devices, or may perform additional processing ofthe data to generate collective statistics or perform other, moredetailed statistical analysis. Comparative performance for multipleusers can then be analyzed if desired.

As another example, usage statistics may be utilized to determinewhether and how to revise an electronic document. For example, if it isdetermined that a particular page or section of an electronic documenttakes too long to read, requires excessive review, and/or results in auser turning off the device, it may be determined that that page orsection is too difficult, and needs to be simplified. As a result, anauthor of an electronic document might utilize usage tracking asdescribed herein to facilitate authoring of an electronic document withthe feedback of one or more users used to improve the content of theelectronic document, much as “beta testers” are used in the softwareindustry.

Usage statistics may also be utilized to assist an instructor indetermining whether to revise a lesson plan. As an example, if it isdetermined that particular reading assignments take an inordinate amountof time, an instructor may revise a lesson plan to change the number ofpages in a particular assignment.

Usage statistics may also be utilized in compliance measures to ensurethat students are reading assigned material. For example, pagestatistics may be monitored to verify that a user has viewed each pagein an assignment over a threshold period of time that verifies the useractually read the page. Even if the usage statistics are not constantlyreviewed by an instructor, the fact that users or students recognizethat their activities may be monitored may encourage better compliancewith reading assignments.

Usage statistics may also be utilized to determine whether specificusers such as students require supplemental assistance, e.g., if aparticular user takes substantially longer to read a particularassignment than the other students in a class. Thus, an instructor maybe able to identify students that are having problems with a particularsubject matter and provide supplemental assistance such as additionaltutoring to those users.

Other end uses for the usage statistics generated as described hereinwill be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art having thebenefit of the instant disclosure.

While the embodiments discussed hereinafter incorporate both annotationand usage tracking capabilities, it will be appreciated that the variousfunctions described herein may be implemented separately and/orindependently in different implementations. Therefore, the invention isnot limited to the specific combination of functions and capabilitiesdiscussed herein. Moreover, the embodiments discussed hereinafter willfocus on an implementation in a classroom setting; however, it will beappreciated that the herein-described techniques may apply to a numberof different applications of electronic book readers and the like.Furthermore, and in particular with regard to the usage trackingcapabilities described herein, a number of the herein-describedtechniques may be utilized in environments other than in connection withhandheld electronic book readers or other handheld devices, e.g., indesktop computers and the like.

Again referring to FIG. 2, a handheld electronic book reader consistentwith the invention incorporates one or more electronic documents, asrepresented generally by content 40. In addition, to perform theaforementioned annotation capabilities, annotation data 42 is alsostored in the reader. Furthermore, for the purposes of usage tracking,statistics 44 are also stored in the reader. Manipulation of this datais typically performed by operating system 38 in the context of adedicated reader. In other environments, particularly with PDA's and thelike, one or more applications may reside on top of the operating systemto implement the herein-described functionality.

FIG. 3 illustrates one implementation of the data structures definedwithin the annotation data 42 and statistics 44 of FIG. 2. Among theannotation data, a number of term definition records 60 may be provided,each of which including a defined term field 62 and a definition field64 that respectively store a term and a definition may be displayed inresponse to a user request to display the definition for a term. Inaddition, a context list, pointed to by a pointer stored in field 66 mayalso be provided to store one or more contexts associated with aparticular defined term. The context list may be represented by one ormore context records 69, each including either a copy of a section oftext or other information functioning as a context for a defined term,or a pointer to the actual content in an electronic document.

Annotation data 42 may also include highlight data, e.g., as representedby a plurality of highlight records 68 that define where in anelectronic document highlighting should be applied. Furthermore, one ormore comments may be defined by a plurality of comment records 70. Thehighlighting may be generated by a user, for example, by selectingsections of an electronic document and applying highlighting thereto, ina manner known in the art. Furthermore, comments may be represented byhandwritten notes applied by a user, or by information obtained by othermeans such as through interaction with an actual keyboard or a simulatedkeyboard displayed on a touchscreen, as is also known in the art. Inthis regard, comment records may be represented by text strings, or byother types of information, such as a bit map or vector graphic imagerepresentative of the handwritten notes made by a user.

In certain embodiments of the invention, annotation data from multipleusers may be compiled into an annotation file to permit collaborativeannotation by multiple users. To this extent, it may be desirable toassociate, with each context, highlight and comment record, anidentifier for the owner or user that created such record. Accordingly,each context record, highlight record and comment record 69, 68 and 70may include a respective owner field 69A, 68A, and 70A to indicate thecreator of that particular record.

As described above, statistics 44 may include both page-based statisticsand definition-based statistics, as well as other statistics for whichit may be desirable to track in monitoring the usage by a user. Forexample, one or more page records 72 may be defined to store a pluralityof page-based statistics. For each record 72, a page identifier field 74may be provided, as well as an optional chapter identifier field 76 thatidentifies where in the electronic document the page is located. Otheridentification information that partitions a page into a particularsection or other subset of a document may be used in the alternative.

Each page record 72 also includes a page time field 78 that stores thetotal amount of time a user spends viewing a page. An off count field 80stores the number of times a user turns off or powers off a reader whileviewing the page, and/or the number of times the user otherwise closesthe electronic book while viewing the page. A review count field 82stores the number of times, subsequent to the first time, that a userviews a particular page, and a review time field 84 stores the amount oftime a user spends reviewing a page.

As far as definition-based statistics, such statistics may be stored indefinition statistic records 86, each including a term field 88identifying a defined term, as well as a lookup count field 90, acontext count field 92 and a help time field 94. Field 90 stores thenumber of times a definition for a defined term is accessed, while field92 stores the number of contexts that are viewed in association with thedefinition. Field 94 stores the total amount of time a user spendsviewing a definition and/or one or more contexts associated therewith.

It will be appreciated that additional usage statistics may be stored aspart of statistics 44. Moreover, any number of data structureimplementations may be utilized to store the information illustrated inFIG. 3, e.g., tables, linked lists, etc.

FIG. 4 next illustrates a main routine 100 executed by a handheldelectronic book reader consistent with the invention. Routine 100 isillustrated as an event-driven routine, although it will be appreciatedthat other programming models, e.g., procedural or object-orientedmodels, may be used in the alternative.

Routine 100 begins in block 102 by performing various initializationoperations, including starting a capture thread that is utilized inconnection with a portion of the usage tracking functionality describedherein. Also, at this time, an electronic book may be loaded into thememory and/or displayed on the reader. Next, block 104 initiates anevent-driven loop. A number of events relevant to the herein-describedfunctions are detected and handled in blocks 106, 108, 110, 112 and 114.Other events, which are not relevant to the functionality describedherein, are handled in block 116 in a conventional manner, after whichcontrol returns to block 104 to wait for additional events.

As mentioned above, a number of events associated with annotation andusage tracking are detected in blocks 106-114. One such event, a getdefinition event, is detected in block 106, and handled by passingcontrol to block 118 to start a timer that is used to monitor the amountof time a user spends viewing a particular definition. A get definitionevent may be initiated, for example, in response to a user selecting aparticular defined term.

Once the timer is started in block 118, control passes to block 120 todisplay the relevant definition, including one or more contexts (ifprovided). The definition is taken from the definition record 60 forthat term (FIG. 3). Block 120 also logs any accesses to one or morecontexts associated with a definition to maintain the context countfield 92 within the definition statistic record 86 for a particulardefined term (FIG. 3). It will be appreciated that all the contextsassociated with a particular term may be displayed together, or in thealternative, user input may be received to scroll or toggle throughmultiple contexts.

Once a user is finished viewing a definition, block 120 passes controlto block 122 to end the timer that was started in block 118. The elapsedtime is then used in block 124 to log the help time for the definition,typically by adding the view time calculated by the timer of blocks 118and 122 to any previous elapsed time stored in help time field 94 (FIG.3). In addition, the lookup count for the definition is also logged inblock 124 by incrementing the value stored in lookup count field 90(FIG. 3). Control then returns to block 104 to wait for additionalevents.

Another event, which is detected in block 108, is an add context event.Typically, this event is generated in response to a user selecting textor other information in an electronic document, and selecting a createcontext operation, e.g., via a pop-up or pull-down menu displayed on thereader when the text is selected. Material to be incorporated into acontext may include text data, image data, animation data, video data,audio data, etc. Moreover, selection may incorporate practically anyknown manner for selecting information via a user interface, includingvarious combinations of user gestures input via a touchscreen, akeyboard, a hard button, and combinations thereof.

In response to such event, block 108 passes control to block 126 toextract the relevant text or other information selected by a user. Then,a context record 69 (FIG. 3) is added to the context list for therelevant definition in block 128. In addition, it should be appreciatedthat a user will typically need to select a particular term with whichto associate the context. Any number of user selection operations, e.g.,selecting from a list, and/or analyzing the selected text to identifyone or more terms that are associated with definitions, may be used todetermine with which term a particular context should be associated.

Another event that may be detected in routine 100 is a create annotationfile event, which is detected in block 110 and handled by calling acreate annotation file routine 130. A create annotation file event maybe generated, for example, in response to user selection from a menuwhen it is desired to compile the annotation data into an annotationfile, typically for export. Therefore, as shown in block 132, it may bedesirable to optionally export the annotation file to a locationexternal to a reader. In the alternative, creating an annotation fileand exporting the annotation file may be handled in separate events.

It will also be appreciated that creating an annotation file maygenerate any number of data structures or formats that are readable byan external device for the purposes of properly decoding the annotationdata stored in the file. Also, a user identifier may be associated withannotation data in the file for combining the data with that of otherusers.

Another event that may be detected by routine 100 is a capturestatistics event, which is detected in block 112 and handled by passingcontrol to block 134 to capture the usage statistics, and optionallyexport those statistics to another device as shown in block 136.Capturing the statistics may be initiated by a user-selected menuoption, or in other manners known in the art for receiving user input.By capturing the statistics, the current information stored in thestatistics 44 of FIG. 3 may be reformatted, if necessary, into asuitable format for export. In other embodiments, the statistics may notbe exported, but may be viewed and processed while still stored on thehandheld device. As a result, the capture statistics event may also beutilized to generate a display of the usage statistics on the handhelddevice.

Yet another event handled by routine 100 is an import annotation fileevent, which is detected in block 114 and handled by passing control toblock 138 to optionally reset the annotation data stored in the handhelddevice, and then to block 140 to import a selected annotation file.Subsequent to importing the annotation file, the display may be updatedat block 142, e.g., to implement the new highlighting and add anycomments supplied in the imported annotation data.

In some implementations, resetting of the annotation data may not berequired, particularly if annotation data associated with multiple usersis to be stored and displayed in association with the same electronicdocument in the same handheld device. It should be appreciated thatannotation files may be imported sequentially or may be collected andimported collectively into a handheld device. Moreover, it should beappreciated that an import annotation file event may be generated in anumber of manners, including selecting from among a plurality ofavailable annotation files, or inputting a specific file name. In otherembodiments, importing of an annotation file may be initiated externallyfrom the handheld device, and without receiving input from a user viathe reader. Other modifications will be apparent to one of ordinaryskill in the art.

It should also be appreciated that additional events may also bedetected and handled in routine 100 consistent with the invention. Thus,the list of events discussed in connection with FIG. 4 is not exclusive.

FIG. 5 illustrates create annotation file routine 130 in greater detail.Routine 130 begins in block 150 by initializing an annotation file, e.g,to generate a desired file format with no initial annotation data storedtherein. Next, block 152 initiates a loop to process each page in a bookor other electronic document.

For each such page, control passes to block 154 to determine whether anytext or portion of a document is highlighted on that page, e.g., bysearching through the highlight data in annotation data 42 of FIG. 3. Ifso, control passes to block 156 to add one or more highlight records tothe annotation file. In addition, in some implementations it may bedesirable to incorporate contextual information such as surrounding textor other information, along with the highlighted information. Also,rather than storing the actual text, a pointer to the appropriate textmay be used.

If no highlighted text is present on a page, or after completion ofblock 156, control next passes to block 158 to determine whether anycomments are associated with a particular page. If so, control passes toblock 160 to add comment record(s) to the annotation file. In addition,any contextual information may optionally be incorporated into thecomment record. Then, upon completion of block 160, or if no commentsare present on the current page, control passes to block 162 todetermine whether any user-created contexts are associated with thepage. If so, block 162 passes control to block 164 to add contextrecord(s) to the annotation. Control then returns to block 152 toprocess additional pages in the book. Also, if no user contexts areassociated with a particular page, block 162 passes control directly toblock 152.

Upon processing of each page in the electronic document, block 152passes control to block 166 to save the annotation file. Routine 130 isthen complete.

It should be appreciated that other implementations may create anannotation file in other manners. For example, user-created contexts maynot be associated with specific pages, and may be processed outside ofthe loop initiated by block 152. In addition, in some implementationscreation of an annotation file may consist of nothing more than copyingthe annotation data 42 without any reformatting. Other modificationswill be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

FIG. 6 next illustrates a capture thread 168 that is initialized asdescribed above in connection with block 102 of FIG. 4. The capturethread is utilized to monitor various usage-related events to track usernavigation through an electronic document. The result is the generationof one or more page-based usage statistics reflective of how a usernavigates through an electronic document.

Thread 168 begins in block 170 by starting a timer for the current pagebeing viewed in the electronic document. Then, in block 172, the threadwaits for user input that may be relevant for generating page-basedusage statistics. Block 174 detects user input associated with a pagecompletion, while block 176 detects user input related to either areader being turned off or an electronic document or book being closedby the user, both of which reflect that the user is no longer viewing anelectronic document. Additional user input, which is not relevant topage-based usage tracking, is handled, if necessary, in block 178.Control then returns to block 172 to wait for other input.

A page completion, as detected by block 174, will be initiated inresponse to a number of types of user input. For example, if a userselects a next or previous page, or attempts to directly access anotherpage, a page completion may be detected. Other instances where a user isno longer viewing a current page subsequent to the input may alsotrigger a page completion detection consistent with the invention.

Whenever completion of a page is detected, block 174 passes control toblock 182 to end the timer, and then to block 184 to log the page viewtime, typically by adding the elapsed time calculated by the timer toany amount stored in the page time field 78 for the statistic record 72for the current page (FIG. 3). In addition, a viewing of the page islogged by incrementing the value stored in the view count field 82 forthe record 72 for that page (FIG. 3).

Next, block 186 determines whether the page is being reviewed, e.g., bydetecting a value in the view count field greater than one. If it isdetermined that this is the first viewing of the page, control returnsto block 170 to start the timer for another page (as, presumably, otherprogram code handles the user input that indicates page completion, andthus initiates the display of a new page). Otherwise, control passes toblock 188 to log the review time for the page, e.g., by adding theelapsed time calculated by the timer to the value stored in the reviewtime field 84 for the record 72 for the page (FIG. 3). Control thenreturns to block 170 to start the timer for a new page.

Detection of the reader being turned off or the book being closed ishandled in block 176 by passing control to block 190 to end the timerstarted above in block 170. Other input that results in a user no longerviewing a particular electronic document may also be used to triggerblock 176.

Once the timer is stopped, control passes to block 192 to log both thepage view time and count for the current page. In addition, block 194 iscalled to log the power off by incrementing the value stored in the offcount field 80 for the record 72 for the current page. Thread 168 thenterminates, or optionally returns to block 170, e.g., if another book isopened.

It will be appreciated that page-based usage statistics may be collectedin other manners, and that other organizational constructs of a documentmay be used to delimit usage statistics consistent with the invention.In still other embodiments, other organizational constructs may bemonitored by collecting usage statistics from multiple pages in aparticular organizational breakpoint. For example, chapters or sectionsmay be tracked by collecting the usage statistics for the pages withinsuch chapters or sections. Other modifications will be apparent to oneof ordinary skill in the art.

As discussed above, upon collection of usage statistics in the mannerdescribed herein, the statistics may be utilized in a number ofenvironments for beneficial purposes. FIG. 7, for example, illustrates anumber of such purposes via a flowchart 200. These purposes are focusedherein on an educational or classroom-type setting, although it shouldbe appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particularsetting.

As shown in block 202, for example, an instructor may create or selectcontent for reading by one or more students or users. Then, as shown inblock 204, the content may be distributed to the users, such that thecontent is loaded into the handheld devices for such users. Next, block206 obtains usage statistics from those users after those users havepresumably viewed the content.

Next, in block 208, the usage statistics are analyzed by an instructoror another person working in connection with the instructor. Then, asshown in block 210, the instructor or other person acts on the analyzedusage statistics in a number of ways, discussed below.

For example, where the content is being created by an instructor, or anyother author for that matter, the usage statistics may be utilized inrevising the content, e.g., to simplify certain passages, make certainpassages more understandable, etc., as shown in block 212. Once thecontent is revised, the content may optionally be redistributed to usersas shown by the arrow from block 212 to block 204. The usage statisticsin this application are therefore utilized to assist an author inimproving the quality of authored content based upon the usage statisticfeedback generated by one or more users.

Also, if the content is associated with a particular lesson plan, thelesson plan may be revised as shown in block 214 based upon the usagestatistics. For example, if an instructor determines that a particularreading assignment takes too long to read based upon the usagestatistics of one or more students, the instructor may modify the lessonplan to shorten the assignment. Also, it should be appreciated thatrevising a lesson plan may affect future assignments for a current groupof students, or may affect future students in subsequent classes. Also,as shown by the arrow from block 214 to block 204, revision of a lessonplan may require redistribution of the content to users. In thealternative, no such redistribution may occur.

As represented in block 216, the usage statistics may also be utilizedto determine whether a particular user requires supplemental tutoring orinstruction. For example, if a particular user takes longer to read aparticular passage, or has a higher rate of review of certain pages, theuser may have difficulty in comprehending the subject matter, and assuch, an instructor may desire to provide supplemental assistance tothat user.

Another action that may occur is acting on user delinquency as shown inblock 218. For example, if it is determined that the pages in aparticular assignment were not viewed for time indicative of someminimum time it would take a normal person to read a particular page, aninstructor may determine that a particular user did not read anassignment, and take appropriate corrective action. Also, as discussedabove, just the fact that an instructor is monitoring usage by studentsmay encourage the students to follow all assignments.

It will be appreciated that the aforementioned uses of usage data neednot be implemented in the same environment. Moreover, other utilizationsof usage data will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the arthaving the benefit of the instant disclosure.

Other modifications will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in theart. Therefore, the invention lies in the claims hereinafter appended.

1. A method of annotating with a handheld electronic book reader, themethod comprising: selecting a portion of an electronic documentdisplayed in a handheld electronic book reader in response to user inputdirected to the portion of the electronic document, wherein the selectedportion includes a passage from the electronic document; creating acontext for a defined term in the electronic document by associating theselected portion of the electronic document with a definition for thedefined term, wherein the selected portion that is selected in responseto user input and that is associated with the definition for the definedterm in the created context includes content other than the defined termto illustrate an exemplary usage of the defined term in practice;displaying the definition of the defined term in response to user input;and displaying the context in association with displaying thedefinition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein creating the contextincludes storing the context in response to user input received afterselecting the selected portion.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinselecting the selected portion and creating the context are performed inresponse to user input received from a reader of the electronicdocument.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the defined term isassociated with a plurality of contexts, wherein each of the pluralityof contexts includes content selected in response to user input andother than the defined term to illustrate exemplary usages of thedefined term in practice, the method further comprising selectivelydisplaying multiple contexts associated with the defined term inassociation with displaying the definition.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein displaying the definition of the defined term and displaying thecontext are performed when a second electronic document is displayed inthe handheld electronic book reader.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising exporting the context from the handheld electronic bookreader.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising importing thecontext into a second handheld electronic book reader.
 8. The method ofclaim 6, wherein exporting the context from the handheld electronic bookreader includes exporting an annotation file including the context, theannotation file additionally including at least one of highlight datathat identifies at least one portion of the electronic document to behighlighted, and comment data that includes at least one user-createdcomment.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the annotation file is afirst annotation file associated with a first user, the method furthercomprising: importing the first annotation file into a second handheldelectronic book reader; importing a second annotation file associatedwith a second user into the second handheld electronic book reader; anddisplaying an electronic document on the second handheld electronic bookreader, including displaying information from each of the first andsecond annotation files on the second handheld electronic book reader,with the information from the first and second annotation filesdisplayed so as to indicate from which of the first and secondannotation files such information originates.
 10. A method of displayingan electronic document on a handheld electronic book reader, the methodcomprising: displaying at least a portion of an electronic document on ahandheld electronic book reader; and displaying in connection with theelectronic document first and second annotation data respectivelyassociated with first and second users that created such annotationdata, wherein the first and second annotation data is displayed so as toindicate that the first and second annotation data was created bydifferent users, wherein at least one of the first and second annotationdata includes context data that includes at least one context for adefined term in the electronic document, the context including contentother than the defined term and selected by one of the first and secondusers from either the electronic document or another electronicdocument, the content including a passage from the electronic documentor the other electronic document, the content providing a contextualreference associated with the defined term that illustrates an exemplaryusage of the defined term in practice, wherein the context is associatedwith a definition for the defined term.
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein at least one of the first and second annotation data includes atleast one of highlight data that identifies at least one portion of theelectronic document to be highlighted, and comment data that includes atleast one user-created comment.
 12. A handheld electronic book reader,comprising: a memory; a display; and program code configured to controlthe display to display at least a portion of an electronic documentstored in the memory to a user, the program code further configured toselect a portion of the electronic document in response to user inputdirected to the portion of the electronic document, wherein the selectedportion includes a passage from the electronic document, create acontext for a defined term in the electronic document by associating theselected portion with a definition for the defined term, wherein theselected portion that is selected in response to user input and that isassociated with the definition for the defined term in the createdcontext includes content other than the defined term to illustrate anexemplary usage of the defined term in practice, display the definitionof the defined term in response to user input, and display the contextin association with displaying the definition.
 13. The handheldelectronic book reader of claim 12, wherein the defined term isassociated with a plurality of contexts, wherein each of the pluralityof contexts includes content selected in response to user input andother than the defined term to illustrate exemplary usages of thedefined term in practice, and wherein the program code is furtherconfigured to selectively display multiple contexts associated with thedefined term in association with displaying the definition.
 14. Thehandheld electronic book reader of claim 12, wherein the program code isfurther configured to export the context.
 15. The handheld electronicbook reader of claim 14, wherein the program code is configured toexport the context by exporting an annotation file including thecontext, the annotation file additionally including at least one ofhighlight data that identifies at least one portion of the electronicdocument to be highlighted, and comment data that includes at least oneuser-created comment.
 16. A program product stored on a physicalcomputer readable medium, comprising: program code configured to beexecuted by a handheld electronic book reader to display at least aportion of an electronic document stored in a memory to a user, theprogram code further configured to select a portion of the electronicdocument in response to user input directed to the portion of theelectronic document, wherein the selected portion includes a passagefrom the electronic document, create a context for a defined term in theelectronic document by associating the selected portion with adefinition for the defined term, wherein the selected portion that isselected in response to user input and that is associated with thedefinition for the defined term in the created context includes contentother than the defined term to illustrate an exemplary usage of thedefined term in practice, display the definition of the defined term inresponse to user input, and display the context in association withdisplaying the definition.